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Mappa mundi (map of the world)
This map was reproduced in print for the first time in 1611 by Johann Bongars from www.raremaps.com. The detail image – boxed in red on the image of the full map – shows the Baltic Sea with North on the left, and the label “Letoini pagani,” which certain Lithuanian historians have translated as “Lithuanian pagans”. This phrase refers to Lettish/Latvian pagans, not only because the labels on the map just below [or West] say “estonia” and “livonia.” In addition, at the time of this map’s publication, the nearly hundred-year-old Livonian Crusade of 1198-1290 had just ended, deserving the labeling of Latvian pagans, while the Lithuanian Crusade of 1283–1422 was just beginning.
